美国合法代孕的洲有哪些？

阅读引语

在美国，代孕只在部分地区合法。美国联邦政府层面没有制定和代孕相关的法律。代孕合法与否，由各州政府和州法庭自行决定，规定也并不统一，美国许多州对于代孕行为书面的条例和实际的实施有相当大的差异。所以一定要咨询专业的机构。

美国共有华盛顿哥伦比亚特区和五十个州，但有明文规定允许代孕的州不多。加州、伊利诺伊州和内华达州，允许代孕且对代孕合同有相对完善法律体系加以约束；弗罗里达州、新罕布什尔州、华盛顿州、犹他州、弗吉尼亚州等拥有相关法律规定，但符合一定条件才有效；阿肯色州、康涅狄格州、爱荷华州、北达科他州、田纳西州和怀俄明州，允许代孕合同存在，有法规规定但细节不足。下面，让我们一一了解。

美国各州代孕法规现状

Alabama Thecourts are generally favorable. However, statutory language exempts surrogacyfrom adoption laws and prohibitions on baby selling. In 1996, the Alabama Courtof Civil Appeals gave implicit recognition to a surrogacy arrangement when itawarded custody of a child in a divorce case to the wife who had no biologicalrelationship to the child.

阿拉巴马州, 法院总体上是有利的。但是，法定术语豁免了代孕的收养法和禁止婴儿买卖。 1996年，阿拉巴马州民事上诉法院对一项代孕安排作出了隐晦的承认，即将离婚案中的一名儿童的监护权授予了与儿童没有血缘关系的妻子。

Alaska There isno law governing surrogacy. The courts generally are favorable. In 1989, theAlaska Supreme Court equated surrogacy with adoption.

阿拉斯加没有关于代孕的法律。法院一般都是有利的。 1989年，阿拉斯加最高法院将代孕等同于收养。

Arizona An Arizona statute forbids “surrogate parent contracts” whether they betraditional or gestational. It provides that in a surrogacy situation thesurrogate is the legal mother of the child or children and, if she is married,her husband is the father. However, the Arizona Court of Appeals, a court ofintermediate jurisdiction, ruled in 1994, that the parentage presumption wasrebuttable as to the intended mother.

亚利桑那州，规禁止“代孕合同”，无论他们是传统代孕还是妊娠代孕。它规定，在代孕情况下，代母是孩子的合法母亲，如果她已婚，她的丈夫即是父亲。然而，亚利桑那州上诉法院，一个中级管辖的法院，在1994年裁定，对父母的裁定是可以针对预期母亲的。

Arkansas Arkansas law is highly favorable to surrogacy. There is astatute declaring surrogacy agreements valid. The statute details several typesof parentage situations and clearly establishes rights in each situation. Morethan once, the Arkansas Supreme Court has ruled in favor of intended parents.

阿肯色州, 法律非常有利于代母。有一例州法规宣布代孕协议有效。法规详细说明了几种类型下的育儿情况，并明确规定了每种情况下的权利。不止一次，阿肯色州最高法院将裁定给予意向父母。

California California law, as established in rulings of the CaliforniaSupreme Court, is very favorable to surrogacy. In the notable cases of Calvert v. Johnson (1993) and Buzzanca v. Buzzanca (1998), Californiafirst established and then reinforced its position that intent governs in thedetermination of parentage in gestational surrogacy situations.

加利福尼亚州, 根据加州最高法院的裁决确定，非常有利于代孕。在Calvert V. Johnson（1993）和Buzzanca V. Buzzanca（1998）的著名案例中，加利福尼亚首先建立并加强了其在怀孕孕育情况下确定父母身份的意图。

Colorado There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generallyfavorable.

科罗拉多州，没有关于代孕法，但法院普遍有利。

Connecticut There is no legalobjection to surrogacy arrangements. With regard to pre-birth orders, theConnecticut Supreme Court has ruled that the State Office of Vital Statisticsof the Connecticut Department of Health must comply with such orders evenwhen the intended parents have no biological relationship to the child(ren).

康涅狄格州，对代孕安排没有法律异议。关于出生前的判定，由康涅狄格州最高法院裁定，康涅狄格州卫生部国家生命统计办公室必须遵守这些判定，即使意向准父母与孩子没有遗传生物学关系。

Delaware A 2013 law permits surrogacy (gestational) and details theprocess. Parentage filings are pre-birth with the final decree issuedpost-birth.

特拉华州, 2013法律允许代孕(妊娠代孕)和详细规定过程。父母权益书的申请是在出生后颁布最终裁定。

District of Columbia The District of Columbia forbids surrogacy. Those who violatethe statute may be fined up to $10,000, given a prison sentence of up to oneyear, or both.

哥伦比亚特区，禁止代孕。违反规约的人可能被判1万美元的罚款，判处一年以下的徒刑，或两者兼施。

Florida Florida statutes permit both traditional and gestational surrogacy. Traditionalsurrogacy arrangements, known as “pre-planned adoption agreements,” are linkedto the state adoption statute. Gestational surrogacy agreements are permitted onlybetween legally married couples.

佛罗里达州，法规允许传统和妊娠代孕。传统的代孕安排称为“预先计划的领养协议”，与国家领养法规相关。只有在已婚夫妇之间才允许妊娠代孕协议。

Georgia There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generally favorable.

乔治亚州没有关于代孕的法律，但法院普遍有利。

Hawaii There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generally favorable.

夏威夷没有关于代孕的法律，但法院普遍有利。

Idaho There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generally favorable.

爱达荷州没有关于代孕的法律，但法院普遍有利。

Illinois Illinois has a statute highly favorable to gestational surrogacywhich governs the process from contract formation to the issuance of birthcertificates. It applies to single parents who have furnished their own gametesor heterosexual couples where at least one person has furnished his or her owngametes.

伊利诺伊州, 有一个非常有利于妊娠代孕的法规，它管辖从合同签订到签发出生证明整个过程。它适用于单亲父母提供他们自己的配子或异性夫妻，至少有一个人提供他或她自己的配子。

Indiana Under Indiana law, surrogacy contracts are “void and unenforceable.” Nevertheless, afew judges will grant pre-birth orders.

印第安纳州, 法律中，代孕合同是“无效和不可执行”的。但是，少数法官会颁发出生前判定。

Iowa The courts are generally favorable. Although Iowa has no surrogacy statute, theIowa Code exempts a “surrogate mother arrangement” from criminal provisionsregarding the sale or purchase of human beings.

爱荷华州，法院普遍有利。尽管爱荷华州没有代孕法规，但“爱荷华法”豁免了“代孕母亲安排”免受关于买卖人的刑事规定。

Kansas There isno law governing surrogacy but two opinions of the Attorney General argued thatsurrogacy contracts are void as against public policy.

堪萨斯州没有关于代孕的法律，但是律政司的两个意见认为代孕合同鉴于公共政策是无效的。

Kentucky There is no law governing surrogacy. The Kentucky Supreme Courthas indicated that surrogacy contracts are voidable by a party to thearrangement.

肯塔基州没有关于代孕的法律。肯塔基州最高法院指出，代孕合同可以由安排的任意一方撤销。

Louisiana A Louisiana statute declares traditional surrogacy agreements tobe void, unenforceable, and contrary to public policy. The statute does notaddress gestational surrogacy. However, many courts are not gestationalsurrogacy friendly.

路易斯安那, 法规宣布传统代孕协议无效，不可执行，违反公共政策。法规不涉及妊娠代孕。然而，许多法院对妊娠代孕不友好。

Maine There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts aregenerally favorable.

缅因州，没有关于代孕的法律，但法院总体上是有利的。

Maryland There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generallyfavorable. However, an Attorney General’s opinion from 2000 argued thatcompensated surrogacy contracts are illegal but did not oppose post-birthadoptions indicating that the judge would have to consider the best interestsof the child(ren).

马里兰州没有关于代孕的法律，但法院普遍有利。然而，2000年总检察长的意见认为，补偿试的代孕合同是非法的，但并不反对生育后收养，表明法官必须考虑儿童的最大利益。

Massachusetts There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generallyfavorable.

马萨诸塞州没有关于代孕的法律，但法院总体上有利。

Michigan Michigan law forbids surrogacy. Individuals who enter intosurrogacy arrangements may be fined up to $50,000 and imprisoned for up to fiveyears.

密歇根州, 法律禁止代孕。进行代母安排的个人可被处以最高5万美元的罚款，并被监禁5年以上。

Minnesota There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generallyfavorable.

明尼苏达州没有关于代孕的法律，但法院普遍有利。

Mississippi There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generallyfavorable.

密西西比州没有关于代孕的法律，但法院普遍有利。

Missouri There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generallyfavorable.

密苏里州没有关于代孕的法律，但法院普遍有利。

Montana There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generally favorable.

蒙大拿州没有关于代母的法律，但法院普遍有利。

Nebraska Under Nebraska law “[a] surrogate parenthood contract enteredinto shall be void and unenforceable.” This provision applies to compensatedsurrogacy agreements in which the surrogate “is compensated for bearing a childof a man who is not her husband.”

内布拉斯加, 根据内布拉斯加州法律，“[a]签订的代孕育儿合同无效且不可执行”。该条款适用于 “对不是她丈夫的人的孩子补偿的代母代孕协议”。

Nevada Gestationalsurrogacy agreements are permitted only between legally married (heterosexual)couples.

内华达, 只有在合法婚姻（异性恋）夫妇之间才允许缔结代孕协议。

New Hampshire New Hampshire law permits married heterosexual couples to becomeintended parents in traditional or gestational surrogacy arrangements where onepartner has furnished a gamete. The statute does not appear to sanctiongestational surrogacy arrangements in which a donor egg was used.

新罕布什尔州, 法律允许已婚异性夫妻成为传统或妊娠代孕安排的父母，其中一个伴侣提供配子。法规不批准使用捐赠卵的妊娠代孕的安排。

New Jersey New Jersey forbids paid traditional surrogacy arrangementsbut is friendly toward gestational surrogacy, remunerated or compassionate. Based on your specific situation the route in order to obtain a pre-birthorder may vary.

新泽西州，禁止支付传统代孕安排，但对妊娠代孕是同情和友好的，容许有报酬。根据您的具体情况，获得出生前判定的途径和方式可能有所不同。

New Mexico There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generallyfavorable.

新墨西哥没有关于代孕的法律，但法院普遍有利。

New York surrender is legally on file.New Jersey adjacent to New Jersey is very friendly to the surrogacy, so want to go to New York to do the surrogate friends can choose New Jersey, by the experienced third-party assisted reproductive professional lawyers for your legal operation of the whole process of surrogacy. And, the current state of law enforcement on behalf of New York is on file, in the near future will introduce regulations to allow surrogacy.

纽约州代孕合法正在立案进行中。与纽约相邻的新泽西州对代孕十分友好，因此想去纽约做代孕的朋友们可以选择新泽西，由经验丰富的第三方辅助生殖专业律师为您合法化操作代孕全过程。并且，目前纽约州关于代孕合法化正在立案中，不久的将来会出台法规允许代孕。

North Carolina There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generallyfavorable.

北卡罗来纳州没有关于代孕的法律，但法院总体上是有利的。

North Dakota North Dakota law forbids traditional surrogacy but permitsgestational surrogacy.

北达科他，法律禁止传统代孕，但允许妊娠代孕。

Ohio The Ohiocourts are deeply divided over the status of surrogacy. Accordingly, somejudges are loath to grant pre-birth orders.

俄亥俄州, 法院对代母的身份有深刻的分歧。因此，一些法官不愿批准出生前的判定。

Oklahoma Oklahoma has no law on surrogacy. An Attorney-General’s opinionfrom 1983 that pre-dated the rise of gestational surrogacy declared thatcompensated surrogacy contracts violated the state’s statutory prohibition onchild trafficking.

俄克拉何马州没有关于代孕的法律。1983年的一个总检察长的意见预示妊娠代孕的兴起，宣布补偿代孕合同违反了国家对贩卖儿童的法定禁令。

Oregon The courts are generally surrogacy friendly and they will issue declarations ofpaternity.

俄勒冈州法院一般都对代孕是友好的，他们将颁布亲戚的声明。

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania has no law governing surrogacy. Some moreconservative judges will not grant pre-birth orders. The Pennsylvania adoptionstatute provides for the post-birth adoption of a child born through surrogacyin the county of the intended parents’ domicile.

宾夕法尼亚州, 没有关于代孕的法律。一些更保守的法官不会颁发出生前的判定。宾夕法尼亚州的领养法规定，在出生后通过在父母住所所在县申请通过代孕的儿童的领养。

Rhode Island There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generallyfavorable.

罗得岛没有关于代孕的法律，但法院普遍有利。

South Carolina There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generallyfavorable.

南卡罗来纳州没有关于代孕的法律，但法院总体上是有利的。

South Dakota There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generallyfavorable.

南达科他州没有关于代孕的法律，但法院普遍有利。

Tennessee Tennessee has a statute that “expressly authorize(s) thesurrogate birth process.” It defines surrogacy as comprising two situations: 1)gestational surrogacy where both intended parents furnish the gametes and 2)gestational surrogacy where the intended father furnishes the sperm and thesurrogate relinquishes the child to him and his wife.

田纳西州, 有一个“明确授权代孕出生过程”的法规。它将代孕定义为包括两种情况：1）妊娠代孕，其中既定父母提供配子，以及2）妊娠代孕，其中预期的父亲提供精子，该代母将孩子交还给他和他的妻子。

Texas Texaspermits surrogacy but has a complicated statute requiring judicial approval ofcontracts in advance. The provisions are so unwieldy that a group of surrogatespetitioned the state legislature to have the law amended or repealed.

德州, 德克萨斯州允许代孕，但有一个复杂的法规，需要提前司法批准合同。这些规定很繁复，以至于一批代母向州立法机关请求修改或废除这些法律。

Utah Utah hasa statute permitting gestational surrogacy. It forbids traditional surrogacyand also does not allow the surrogate’s husband to act as the sperm donor. Atleast one intended parent must have furnished (a) gamete(s).

犹他州有一个允许妊娠代孕的法规。它禁止传统的代孕，也不允许代孕的丈夫作为精子捐赠者。至少一个预期家长必须提供（a）配子。

Vermont There isno law governing surrogacy but the courts are generally favorable.

佛蒙特没有关于代孕的法律，但法院普遍有利。

Virginia Virginia permits surrogacy but has a statute so complicated thatthe common practice for Virginia births is to file an action post-birth foramendment of the birth certificate.

弗吉尼亚州, 允许代孕，但有一个很复杂的法规，弗吉尼亚出生的孩子常见做法是提交出生判定再修改出生证明纸。

Washington Washington statutespermit uncompensated surrogacy arrangements but declare compensated ones voidand unenforceable. Those involved in the latter are guilty of a grossmisdemeanor.

华盛顿,法规允许无补偿的代孕安排，但宣布补偿代孕无效和不可执行。涉及后者的人犯有严重的轻罪。

West Virginia The courts are generally favorable. A statute prohibiting humantrafficking exempts fees and expenses in surrogacy arrangements.

西弗吉尼亚法院一般都是有利的。禁止人口贩运的法规在代孕安排中免除了费用和花销。

Wisconsin The courts are generally favorable. A statute governing thecollection of vital statistics specifically directs the responsible authoritiesto place the names of the intended parents on the birth certificate once acourt determines parental rights.

威斯康星法院普遍有利。关于收集人口动态统计的法规具体指示负责当局在法院决定父母权利后，将再出生证明纸上署名父母姓名。

Wyoming There is no law governing surrogacy but the courts are generallyfavorable.

怀俄明没有关于代孕的法律，但法院普遍有利。

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